Edema is defined as collection of excess fluid in tissue
space or serous cavities. Generalised edema is also called Anasarca.
Common causes of anasarca are:
- a. Renal disease – Nephrotic syndrome
- b. Hepatic disease – Cirrhosis of Liver
- c. Cardiac disease – Congestive cardiac failure
Investigations:
Baseline:
- a. Complete hemogram
- b. Blood Sugar, Urea, Creatinine
- c. Chest X ray – PA view
- d. ECG in 12 leads
Special:
- a. Echocardiography
- b. Serum albumin
- c. LFTs
- d. Prothombin time
- e. Urine R/E
- f. 24 hour urinary protein excretion
- g. Examination of effusion/ ascitic fluid
Complete hemogram
- · Hb – may be reduced in chronic renal disease
- · RBCs may show macrocytosis or target cells in chronic liver disease
Blood sugar
- · To rule out Diabetes Mellitus
Urea/ Creatinine
- · May rise in Renal disorder and left Heart failure
Chest X Ray
- · May show evidence of pulmonary edema (bat wing appearance of hilar region)
- · May show evidence of Pleural and Pericardial effusion (due to hypo-albuminemia)
- · May show cardiac hypertrophy in chronic heart diseases
ECG in 12 leads
- · Shows patterns of Ventricular hypertrophy
- · Gives early evidence of electrolyte disbalance (in renal failure)
Echocardiography
- · Confirms heart failure (LV ejection fraction < 55%)
- · Detects ventricular hypertrophy
- · Detects pericardial effusion
Serum albumin
- · Reduced in hepatic disease and nephrotic syndrome
- · Unchanged in heart failure
- · Abnormal in cirrhosis (raised AST, ALT, reduced albumin, altered albumin:globulin ratio)
Prothrombin time
- · Raised in cirrhosis
- · Reduced in nephrotic syndrome
- · Unchanged in cardiac failure
Urine Routine Examination
In nephrotic syndrome, following changes are expected:
- · Physical – appearance is hazy, high specific gravity
- · Chemical – protein +++
- · Microscopic – fatty cast +, hyaline cast +++
24 hour urinary protein excretion
- · Raised in nephrotic syndrome (often > 3.5 g/day)
Examination of pleural fluid in case of pleural effusion
·
State the differences between transudate and exudate
(from your textbook/ copy)
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